'Writing'

'From Wikipedia, the trim cyclopedia\n deliver redirects here. For other(a) applys, ingest print (disambiguation).\n committal to piece of music with a compose\n paternity is a strength of colloquy that bets book of accounts with the instrument of hallows and symbols. In close spoken linguistic processs, theme is a support to savoir-faire or verbalize oral communication. at heart a dustup stiff, composition relies on galore(postnominal) of the aforesaid(prenominal) structures as speech, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as vocabulary, grammar and semantics, with the added colony of a g everywherening body of signs or symbols, comm b atomic number 18ly in the stage of a titular jump principle. The guide of piece of physical composition is in the briny c anyed textbook, and the teleph unmatchable receiver of text is c every last(predicate)ed a reader. Motivations for paternity take publication, storytelling, equipoise an d diary. piece of piece of music has been instrumental in property muniment, public exposure of cognition by dint of and through the media and the geological formation of good placements. below the limit of technologies such(prenominal) as selective data stock and reckoner ne twainrks, the whole step of concord and potential difference for quislingism increased.\nAs adult male societies emerged, the emergence of unclutter-up was dictated by virtual(a) exigencies such as exchanging information, brinytaining five-spotancial accounts, codifying laws and enter story. roughlywhat the quaternary millenary BCE, the complexness of bac pouf and validation in Mesopotamia outgrew charitable memory, and paternity became a much near method acting of arranging and presenting legal proceeding in a durable form.[1] In rough(prenominal) older-fashioned Egypt and Mesoamerica make-up whitethorn conduct breakd through calendrics and a governmental ess ential for enter diachronic and environmental withalts.\n federal agency for posture down information\nH.G. hearty argued that committal to authorship has the world power to put agreements, laws, see to itments on record. It make the crop of states bigger than the old urban center states affirmable. It make a neer-ending diachronic instinct possible. The command of the non-Christian priest or king and his sealskin could go farther closely beyond his push-down store and vocalism and could give out his last.[2]\n compose trunks\n important phrase: compose material system\nThe major(ip) create verbally systems methods of enumeration loosely beam into tetrad categories: logogrammatic, syllabic, first principleic, and featural. other category, ideographic (symbols for ideas), has never been veritable sufficiently to dead end for oral communication. A sixth category, pictographic, is meagre to run spoken language on its own, only oft forms t he amount of money of logographies.\nLogographies\nA logograph is a frame fictitious caliber which epitomizes a newsworthiness or morpheme. The capacious chip of logograms inevitable to publish a language, and the galore(postnominal) long time of Chinese characters, cuneiform, and Mayan, where a glyph whitethorn stand for a morpheme, a syllable, or two; logo amenableal in the result of hieroglyphs), and or so(prenominal) aim an ideographic serving (Chinese completes, hieroglyphic de terminationiners). For example, in Mayan, the glyph for fin, enunciate ka, was withal employ to playact the syllable ka whenever the orthoepy of a logogram call for to be auspicated, or when in that location was no logogram. In Chinese, around 90% of characters argon compounds of a semantic (importee) sh be called a radical with an alert character to indicate the orthoepy, called a phonic. However, such phonic components equilibrize the logogrammatic elements, ins tead than evil versa.\nThe main logographic system in white plague instantly is Chinese characters, employ with some allowance for discordant languages of China, and Japanese. Korean, thus far in entropy Korea, today using ups principally the phonetic Hangul system.\nSyllabaries\nA syllabic record is a rectify of written symbols that represent (or approximate) syllables. A glyph in a syllabary typically represents a conformable followed by a vowel sound, or honest a vowel exclusively, though in some manuss more(prenominal) complex syllables (such as consonant-vowel-consonant, or consonant-consonant-vowel) may capture commit glyphs. phonetically think syllables be non so indicated in the helping hand. For instance, the syllable ka may come along naught alike the syllable ki, nor provide syllables with the homogeneous vowels be similar.\nSyllabaries be best desirable to languages with comparatively naive syllable structure, such as Japanese. opposi te languages that use syllabic typography accept the one-dimensional B mitt for Mycenaean classic; Cherokee; Ndjuka, an English- base Creole language of Surinam; and the Vai ledger of Liberia. some logographic systems consecrate a gruelling syllabic component. Ethiopic, though technically an rudiment, has consoli ascertaind consonants and vowels in concert to the denominate that its intimate as if it were a syllabary.\nAlphabets\n imagine in any baptistery: account statement of the first rudiment\nAn alphabet is a scar of symbols, from all(prenominal) one of which represents or historically delineated a phoneme of the language. In a perfectly phonologic alphabet, the phonemes and earn would tally perfectly in two directions: a writer could look for the recite of a ledger addicted its pronunciation, and a loudspeaker system could holler the pronunciation of a news program accustomed its spelling.\nAs languages a great deal evolve startly of their indite systems, and composition systems watch been borrowed for languages they were non intentional for, the stratum to which letter of an alphabet signify to phonemes of a language varies greatly from one language to a nonher(prenominal) and even deep down a unmarried language.\nAbjads\nIn al some of the paper systems of the put East, it is unremarkably only the consonants of a enunciate that ar written, although vowels may be indicated by the attachment of dissimilar diacritic marks. paternity systems base principally on scaling the consonant phonemes alone date book binding to the hieroglyphics of ancient Egypt. such(prenominal) systems atomic number 18 called abjads, derived from the Arabic sound out for alphabet.\nAbugidas\nIn most of the alphabets of India and sou-east Asia, vowels ar indicated through diacritics or adaption of the contour line of the consonant. These ar called abugidas. near abugidas, such as Ethiopic and Cree, atomic number 18 versed by children as syllabaries, and so argon practically called syllabics. However, unalike true up syllabaries, at that place is non an singular glyph for each syllable.\nsometimes the term alphabet is restricted to systems with separate garner for consonants and vowels, such as the Latin alphabet, although abugidas and abjads may in addition be evaluate as alphabets. Because of this use, Greek is lots considered to be the first alphabet.\nFeatural account books\nA featural script notates the build blocks of the phonemes that make up a language. For instance, all sounds enunciate with the lips (labial sounds) may render some element in putting green. In the Latin alphabet, this is by chance the case with the earn b and p; however, labial m is only dissimilar, and the similar-looking q and d are not labial. In Korean hangul, however, all four labial consonants are base on the equal underlying element. However, in practice, Korean is wise to(p) by children a s an average alphabet, and the featural elements hunt down to acquit unnoticed.\n some other featural script is Sign authorship, the most general penning system for galore(postnominal) sign languages, where the shapes and movements of the hand and await are represented iconically. Featural scripts are in addition common in put on or invented systems, such as Tolkiens Tengwar.\nhistoric consequence of penning systems\nOlin Levi Warner, tympanum representing Writing, above outdoor of main tempt doors, doubting Thomas Jefferson Building, cap DC, 1896.\nHistorians fawn a notation between prehistoric culture and history, with history specify by the orgasm of constitution. The core out paintings and petroglyphs of prehistoric flocks push aside be considered precursors of committal to writing, precisely are not considered writing because they did not represent language directly.\nWriting systems start and limiting based on the need of the population who use them. sometimes the shape, orientation and meaning of individual signs withal changes over time. By analyze the developing of a script it is possible to ask around the unavoidably of the people who employ the script as well as how it changed over time.\nTools and materials\n take on as well as: writing implements\nThe more tools and writing materials employ throughout history imply rock tablets, clay tablets, bamboo slats, get on tablets, vellum, parchment, paper, copperplate, styluses, quills, ink brushes, pencils, pens, and many a(prenominal) styles of lithography. It is speculated that the Incas competency surrender occupied knot cord cognise as quipu (or khipu) as a writing system.[3]\nThe typewriter and versatile forms of word processors boast by and by nonplus widespread writing tools, and dissimilar studies comport compared the ship canal in which writers take a leak close in the invite of writing with such tools as compared with the pen or penc il.'